Fall Armyworm Moth Flight Up-tick…. But why?

Doug Johnson, Extension Entomologist

After a drop last week to 487 moths/trap-week from the peak capture of 675 moths/trap-week, capture of fall armyworm (FAW) moths in the UK-IPM pheromone baited trap has increased  to 605 moths/trap-week (See Figure 2.). This indicates a continued and elevated risk of infestation by this pest for the next several weeks. This up-tick in moths captured does not indicate another generation. It is more likely that the cool weather in the previous week reduced the number of moths flying and the warm up has done just the opposite. If this is the case, then last week’s moth capture should have been a bit larger and this week’s a bit lower, making the curve appear a bit more normal.

Figure 2. 2012 FAW Capture.

 This spiky appearance to the graph is just due to a small number of data points and a wide span of time (a week) between data points. What is most important is the fact that there are still a great many moths flying and females will still be laying eggs for several more weeks unless there is a drastic change in temperatures. Caterpillars resulting from the egg lay of the current moth flight have already begun to appear.  I expect that egg lay resulting from the moths represented by this week’s data point will continue into the first week of October. Caterpillars resulting from the current egg lay could be active through the entire month of October. This is, of course, completely dependent upon temperature.

We would normally expect for the threat from FAW to end on or about the first killing frost. Certainly we have eggs and caterpillars, in various stages of growth, currently in the environment that can last past the average first killing frost date. This does not even account for the moths that are currently flying, mating and laying eggs.

Thus, small grass crops will remain at risk to infestation by FAW until the weather changes enough to stop the cycle.  This usually occurs with a “killing” frost.  Looking at Mr. Tom Priddy’s short-term forecast, this should be about the normal Oct. 22 date.

 FAW is a tropical insect and cold weather will solve the problem. Nevertheless, experience has shown me that light frost will not do the trick, even with air temps near or at freezing.  It’s because at the soil / air level, especially in no-till fields, temperatures may remain above freezing. This is certainly true for clear sunny days, when the soil litter can obtain heat from sunlight.

Our current change in weather to rainy cool temperatures will slow this insect down. In addition these conditions will select in favor of the cool season grass that have recently been planted. You will need to continue scouting of these new stands, but weather is looking more favorable.

At risk crops remain the same, with the possible exception of soybeans. Most of these should be beyond the stage that leaf damage will be important. Sowing or renovating pastures, waterways, and cover crops with any small grass needs to be scouted for FAW.  Sowing wheat earlier than the Hessian Fly free date will increase the risk of FAW problems. Even sowing on or after the Hessian Fly free day may not provide control if the normal killing frost is late. 

Having talked to many producers, consultants, and farm service personnel, it is apparent that the problem remains in detecting the infestation. Control, once the infestation has been spotted, does not seem to be a problem.

Several common questions continue to come up:

Q.  If I spray for the FAW now, will that prevent a future infestation?

A.  No. You will probably get some residual activity from your insecticide, but if the weather stays warm, the insect’s life cycle will outlast the residual. As the weather grows cold, the application will be unneeded.

Q. If I treat my wheat seed with an insecticide, will that control FAW?

A. No, the rates we use on wheat in KY are meant to control very small sucking insects like aphids and Hessian flies. Think how much more massive a FAW caterpillar is than an aphid. This is a rate problem, not whether or not the insecticide would kill FAW.

Q. My pasture is mowed off. Has FAW killed my pasture?

A. No, it is very unlikely that FAW will kill an established stand. You will lose your yield, e.g., hay, stockpile grazing, etc.  There is little difference in FAW and cattle feeding; FAW just have smaller feet!

Q. FAW has eaten up my newly sown pasture / waterway / wheat; has it killed my seedlings?

A.  This is impossible to answer without waiting & watching for re-growth. FAW does not usually kill established grasses. However, if the root system is not well established, some seedlings may die.  My experience with wheat tells me you should be careful about reseeding.  I have seen FAW graze off a field, making it look dead, then the producer reseeding as soon as possible and ending up with a “double seeding”.  This results in many problems in the spring.

Fall Armyworm Moth Flight – Has begun to drop, but still plenty around!

Doug Johnson, Extension Entomologist

Figure 1. 2012 Capture of FAW

The second flight of fall armyworm (FAW) has begun to drop as indexed by the UK-IPM pheromone baited trap in Princeton, KY. Nevertheless, the capture for the trap-week ending Sept. 20, 2012, is still greater than the peak capture during the outbreak of 2007. (See Figure 1.) So, hopefully, we are on the downhill side of this problem, but there will still be plenty of moths to lay eggs over the next couple of weeks.

Producers, consultants and farm service personnel are still calling to report infestations and ask questions. There does not seem to be much problem with obtaining control once an infestation is found, but many folks are still not finding the infestations until considerable damage has already been done. Certainly, most callers are interested in what is coming next. Although the moth capture gives us a heads up and an indication of the level of risk, they will never tell us what is happening in a given field.

Our current weather may tend to extend the time the caterpillars are present. Our cooling temperatures are not cool enough to hamper the worms, but their development may slow down, increasing the days they will be in the damaging stage.

The crops at risk remain the same. Grass crops (pasture, hay, lawns) still remain in danger. Still, soybean problems appear to be coming from the caterpillars “marching” out of grasses in to the beans. Don’t neglect to check a field interior now and again. FAW will lay their eggs in soybeans, but grasses are by far the preferred egg laying site.

Anyone planning to plant wheat, rye, or renovate / restore any “small” grass pasture or hay field should give strong consideration to waiting for a while longer to seed. Experience tells me FAW caterpillars will be around until frost, even if not in the large numbers present now.